Atlantic cod

Identification

The Atlantic cod is a large, powerful fish that can reach 100 cm, though most catches fall between 30 and 60 cm. The body is muscular and torpedo-shaped with three dorsal fins and two anal fins — characteristic of the cod family (Gadidae). The color varies from greenish-brown to grey-brown with dark spots on the flanks. The most prominent feature is the sturdy chin barbel on the underside of the chin. The lateral line is lightly colored and makes a conspicuous curve at the pectoral fins. The mouth is large with the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower jaw.

Behavior & ecology

The cod is an omnivore and opportunist that lives near the bottom but also hunts in the water column. It feeds on crabs, shrimp, worms, shellfish, and fish — from sprat and herring to small flatfish. Adult cod is an active predator that migrates in schools. The species lives in the cold waters of the North Sea at depths of 20 to 200 meters, with a preference for water temperatures below 12°C. Cod spawns in early spring (February–April) in deeper water, after which larvae drift with currents to coastal waters.

Fishing techniques

Cod is one of the most sought-after target fish for sea anglers. From a boat, pirking (jigging) is the classic method — a heavy metal pirk worked up and down near the bottom. From harbors, piers, and breakwaters, a bottom rig with a paternoster is effective. Strips of mackerel, shrimp, lugworm, and ragworm all work excellently as bait. Cod are greedy feeders that take the bait without hesitation. The best periods are autumn and winter (October–March), when cod move closer inshore. A sturdy sea rod is recommended — larger specimens fight hard.

In the Netherlands

Cod is an iconic North Sea fish with centuries of cultural and economic significance. However, commercial stocks in the North Sea have been under pressure for decades from overfishing and rising sea water temperatures — cod is a cold-water species shifting northward. For sport fishing, cod can still be caught from shore and from boats on the North Sea, especially in winter months. EU catch limits apply for recreational fishing. The decline of cod is one of the most discussed fisheries issues in Europe.